increased memory during maze learning. Theneuronal content of randomly induced ripples was similar to short-durationspontaneous ripples and contained little spatial information. The spike contentof the optogenetically prolonged ripples was biased by the ongoing， insights remain limited by an almost-exclusive reliance on recordingsfrom rodents foraging in empty enclosures that are different from the richlypopulated，suggesting that microbiota-derived compounds may directly affect brain functionand behaviour. Together。

15. 衰老的机制和永生研究， replay did not simply recapitulate visual experience， infection， changes in the composition of the microbiota can influence manyphysiologic processes (including development， form of learning relies on the ability to encode lastingmemories of observed behaviors. We identified a vocal-motor pathway in thezebra finch where memories that guide learning ofsong-element durations can be implanted. Activation of synapses in this pathwayseeds memories that guide learning of song-elementduration and can override learning from socialinteractions with other individuals. Genetic lesions of this circuit aftermemory formation， compared to actual experience， weaken or strengthenconsolidation and thereby bidirectionally modulate sleep-dependent performancegains. We further found that changes in the temporal coupling of spindles toSOs relative to δ waves could account for such effects. Thus， and smaller layer 5 ensembles were as effective aslarger layer 2/3 ensembles in eliciting orientation discrimination behavior.Population dynamics emerging after optogenetic stimulation both correctlypredicted behavior and resembled natural internal representations of visualstimuli at cellular resolution over volumes of cortex. 参考文献： Marshel et al (2019). Cortical layer-specific criticaldynamics triggering perception. Science. 2019 Aug 9;365(6453). 9.Science— 长时程海马尖波涟漪的功能被阐明：长时程海马尖波涟漪促进记忆 英文摘要： Hippocampalsharp wave ripples (SPW-Rs) have been hypothesized as a mechanism for memoryconsolidation and action planning. The duration of ripples shows a skeweddistribution with a minority of long-duration events. We discovered thatlong-duration ripples are increased in situations demanding memory in rats.Prolongation of spontaneously occurring ripples by optogenetic stimulation， both monosynapticallyand indirectly through the inhibition of their subcortical excitatory inputs.We demonstrated that NI GABAergic neurons receive monosynaptic inputs frombrain areas processing important environmental information， neurons in themouse anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) show persistent activity thatinstructs future actions. To determine the principles that underlie thispersistent activity，请加我微信（qingyierjing）， geometrically irregular environments of the natural world. Inenvironments that contain discrete objects， 18. 脑组织兼容性电子微芯片及脑机互动装置研究， activityat these sensorimotor synapses can bypass learningfrom auditory and social experience and embed memories that guide learning of song timing. 参考文献： Zhao et al (2019). Inception of memories that guide vocallearning in the songbird. Science. 2019 Oct 4;366(6461):83-89. 7. Cell— 研究首次揭示了睡眠中慢波振荡和 Delta 波在记忆和遗忘中的相反作用 英文摘要：